Iceland is something of an enigma. It sits astride the northern part of the mid-Atlantic rift, yet there is more of its land mass to the west of the rift than the east. Volcanoes along ocean ridges erupt basalts, as do those above plumes and yet some of the structures found suggest more evolved rocks.

The famous ‘Icelandic eruption’ in 2010 disrupted European air travel and yet the more recent

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